**Parts:**
– Beam
– Hitch (British English: hake)
– Vertical regulator
– Coulter (knife coulter pictured, but disk coulter common)
– Chisel (foreshare)
**History:**
– 13th century depiction of a ploughing peasant, Royal Library of Spain
**Hoeing:**
– Agriculture initially used hand-held digging sticks and hoes
– Hoe-farming common in tropical or sub-tropical regions
– Hoe cultivation likely practiced wherever agriculture existed
– Hoe-agriculture suited for stony soils and steep slope gradients
– Used in some fashion in various regions
**Ard:**
– Ancient hoes like the Egyptian were strong enough to clear rocky soil
– Domestication of oxen in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley led to animal-drawn true ard
– Evidence of ploughing dated back to 3500–3800 BCE in Bubeneč, Czech Republic
– Terracotta model of early ards found at Banawali, India
– Ard remained easy to replace and replicate
**Subtopic 5:**
– Not to be confused with PLO
– Ploughs traditionally drawn by oxen and horses
– Ploughs now drawn by tractors
– Prime purpose is to turn over soil, bringing fresh nutrients to surface
– Use of traditional plough decreased in areas threatened by soil damage
A plough or plow (US; both /plaʊ/) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but in modern farms are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or steel frame with a blade attached to cut and loosen the soil. It has been fundamental to farming for most of history. The earliest ploughs had no wheels; such a plough was known to the Romans as an aratrum. Celtic peoples first came to use wheeled ploughs in the Roman era.
The prime purpose of ploughing is to turn over the uppermost soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface while burying weeds and crop remains to decay. Trenches cut by the plough are called furrows. In modern use, a ploughed field is normally left to dry and then harrowed before planting. Ploughing and cultivating soil evens the content of the upper 12 to 25 centimetres (5 to 10 in) layer of soil, where most plant feeder roots grow.
Ploughs were initially powered by humans, but the use of farm animals is considerably more efficient. The earliest animals worked were oxen. Later, horses and mules were used in many areas. With the Industrial Revolution came the possibility of steam engines to pull ploughs. These in turn were superseded by internal-combustion-powered tractors in the early 20th century. The Petty Plough was a notable invention for ploughing out orchard strips in Australia in the 1930s.
Use of the traditional plough has decreased in some areas threatened by soil damage and erosion. Used instead is shallower ploughing or other less-invasive conservation tillage.
English
Alternative forms
- plow (US)
Etymology
From Middle English plouh, plow, plugh(e), plough(e), plouw, from Old English plōh (“hide of land, ploughland”) and Old Norse plógr (“plough (the implement)”), both from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz, *plōguz (“plough”).